John Andsarah - 2373 Words

John and Sarah Com 200 Interpersonal Communication Dear John and Sarah, First off, let me welcome you to a brand new world of love, care family bonds and holy matrimony. My name is Stacey Lindsey, and I am going to give you an idea of interpersonal communication is going to affect your lives, and the skills/knowledge you will need in order to find yourselves together and still happy 50 years down the road. Marriage today seems, to some, to be a fly-by-night operation. I stand here today writing you to let you know that this does not have to be the case. If you two are willing to take suggestions and follow a simple set of rules based on a healthy relationship built on proper interpersonal communication,†¦show more content†¦It is important to remember that communication is purposeful. We do not communicate simply to make noise, but instead to share meaning and connect with others. Our needs are influenced and met through interaction with the outside world. These principles of communication guide us to understand the meaning and importance of human interpersonal communications and how we can communicate properly. There are misconceptions in interpersonal communication, though. The belief that we communicate only for our own good and that we will be unable to understand the meaning behind something without the proper context is wrong. We will find our way as we need be. Identify the barriers to effective interpersonal interactions. Competence, language, perception, and information are all barriers that can get in the way of effective interpersonal interactions. Any of these four barriers can cause an issue so great that effect communication is made impossible. All four parts must be met satisfactory if clear and concise communication is to be had. An article in the periodical Supervisory Management (1991) a situation is given that shows the proper way to get past barriers of effective interaction. â€Å"In order to make certain that you cover all aspects of a subject, you must take the time beforehand t o plan what you want to say. In the case of an unsatisfactory employee, for instance, it’sShow MoreRelatedSingle Sex vs Mixed School5702 Words   |  23 Pagesterm is  mixed,[4]  and today most  schools  are mixed. A number of Quaker co-educational boarding schools were established before the 19th century. In  England  the first non-Quaker public mixed-sex boarding school was  Bedales School, founded in 1893 by  John Haden Badley  and becoming mixed in 1898. The Scottish  Dollar Academy  claims to be the first mixed-sex boarding school in the UK (in 1818). Many previously  single-sex schools  have begun to accept both sexes in the past few decades; for example,  Clifton

Reflection On Mans Search For Meaning - 1367 Words

A Reflection of Viktor Frankl’s Man s Search for Meaning. In this paper I will be analysing/ reflecting on Viktor Frankl’s Man s Search for Meaning. In my reflection I will compare the main philosophical message of frankl s experience and try to compare its meaning to my very own life experience. In order to do this I must give you some personal background while growing up I was born with some challenging complications due to a lack of oxygen at birth I was diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy. The thing about ataxic cerebral palsy is that it has affected my life in many ways some miniscule others immense. I can write an entire book on my childhood / adolescence and some of the many challenges I have faced but that s neither here†¦show more content†¦At the time I took extreme interest in Frankl’s parable of comparing the actions of his comrades to that of â€Å"swine† and others of â€Å"saints† to this day this still resonates with me. Here are people who find themselves in one of the worst situations imaginable a nazi concentration camp these are people with virtually no freedom and have experienced great pain and suffering but even in this darkest hour Frankl explains that people still had to power to choose how they would react to the situations presented to them. Now I am a libertarian by nature and I strongly believe in the power of self determination but I even believe that some circumstances can influence man and hinder his decision making skills . Take depression for example one of the worst things to say to a person suffering with depression would be to chastise them with so called â€Å"tough love† statements such as calling the person â€Å"lazy† and a â€Å"loser† in my opinion statements such as these can only make the situation worse. The point I am trying to make is that the person with depression is not living with the same reality as the rest of us while it’s technically true it’s their fault for waking up at two in the afternoon for the third time in a week it’s also true to state that they only did so because their brain chemistry caused them to lose the proper amount sleep and motivation to wake up on reasonable time. I use the example of depression because IShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper Search for Mans Meaning1286 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Paper: A Critical Book Review of Man’s Search for Meaning Heather Urmanski Silver Lake College History 205 Instructor Diane Weiland August 19, 2012 Introduction Man’s Search for Meaning, is a biography and the personal memoir of Victor Frankl’s experience in a Nazi Concentration Camp. The book was initially published in 1946 in German and was then published in 1959 in English, under the title From Death-Camp to Existentialism. 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The lack of reflection in the first stanza nonetheless brings joy at the overcoming the danger of looking into something so mysterious and unknown which potentially is fatal, but adventure defeats any sense of danger. But the reflection is on an abstract level as along with the echoRead MoreThe Pain Of The Form-, Beloved, And Man s Search For Meaning Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesSuffering —regardless of the form— has the ability to mentally and physically destroy an individual. One cannot measure the amount of pain an individual has sustained, but each person’s meaning of life can b e easily observed. Despite death being the ending result of life, one can either dwell on this ending result or live in the here and now—making the best of every situation for a happier outcome. When asked by a doctor to describe the pain on a scale from one to ten, one individual may considerRead MoreEssay On Mans Search For Meaning1561 Words   |  7 Pages In order to find meaning in one’s life while suffering or experiencing a difficult situation, meaning is often found in illusions and false hoods, rather than in reality. Within Man’s Search for Meaning by Viktor Frankl, The Matrix, and Allegory of the Cave by Plato, the reader witnesses individual characters that were unable to withstand the pain of the truth, and resort to altering their perception to live in a illusion in order to survive. On the path to discovering meaning in one’s life duringRead MoreLiterature Based Essay: Dreams and Reality821 Words   |  3 Pagesglittering silver, and larg e parlors decked with old silk (Maupassant). In this story substance is replaced by style because Madame Loisel appears to have high social standing at the Ministry ball but she is not what she appears to be. 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Living Facades Can Be Grown Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The existent construction of populating frontages varies between providers, with a battalion of different patented systems out at that place. However, there are three chief structural systems that most living frontages will adhere to, each with their ain advantages and disadvantages. Modular Panel System Panels of pre-planted flora are fitted on to a support system that provides construction and a mechanical lacrimation system. We will write a custom essay sample on Living Facades Can Be Grown Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pre-planting means that an instant green consequence can be achieved upon completion. Composition of the faculties will change depending on the demands of the flora, but will necessitate to incorporate foods and stuff for the roots to keep. Soil can be used, but due to its weight it can merely realistically be of usage for little graduated table walls. ( see figure 1 ) Man-made Felt Pioneered by Patrick Blanc, this system uses man-made felt as a base for the flora, with H2O and foods provided automatically. A metal frame is used for the construction, with a 10mm PVC bed riveted to it and the felt stapled to this. The metal frame allows the construction to be attached to a frontage leting an air spread between the two beds which prevents flora from impacting the edifice structurally while helping the thermal and acoustic belongingss of the frontage. The PVC bed prevents wet get awaying and provides rigidness to the full construction. The polymeric amide felt layer consists of two overlapping sheets with assorted pockets that secure the workss. The pick of stuff is determined by its opposition to decompose and a high capillary action leting H2O and foods to be distributed good. This frontage has the benefit of merely weighing 30kg per meter squared. ( see figure 1 ) Container and Trellis A series of containers house the workss with trellis mediate, leting the flora to mount and make an uninterrupted face of flora. Water and foods can once more provided automatically with either a man-made or dirt based turning medium. ( see figure 1 ) ( Figure 1. Different Populating Facade Structures, 2008 ) Positive Effectss The bulk of the positive effects of life frontages are environmental, although aesthetic, societal and economic benefits can besides be identified. Air Quality It has long been recognised that indoor workss can assist better the air quality in offices and an internal life wall can supply a similar consequence and assist rejuvenate ‘sick ‘ edifices. The workss absorb C dioxide and other particulates sublimating the air. The external air quality can besides be improved by a life frontage as it is able to absorb the C dioxide and pollutants from traffic. It has been shown that a life frontage can hold a major impact on the degrees of Nitrogen Dioxide ( NO2 ) and particulate affair ( PM ) in urban countries in which there are street canons ( tallness of edifices exceeds distance between them ) . The street canons cause the air to twirl and purl around the flora enabling increased degrees of atoms to be absorbed. A survey carried out by Lancaster University found a decrease in street flat concentrations of up to 40 % for NO2 and 60 % for particulate affair. With NO2 and particulate affair doing up a big measure of air pollutants, a decrease in concentrations of this magnitude would hold a positive consequence on air pollution in urban countries. Thermal Performance The thermic effects of life frontages are really similar to those of green roofs. Internet Explorer, decrease in surface temperatures due to shadowing from flora, evapotranspiration and increased thermic mass can take to: a ice chest internal clime a decrease in urban heat island consequence However, surveies have shown that populating frontages may be more effectual than green roofs in these countries. Building Performance The surface temperatures and hence the internal temperature of edifices can be affected in many ways by the presence of life walls and flora: The flora shades the solid wall behind it, forestalling solar additions. Vegetation absorbs radiation hence cut downing contemplation. The increased thermic mass of the flora and infrastructure reduces flow of temperature through the edifice tegument: ice chest inside in summer and heater in winter. Transpiration: the consequence of H2O loss from flora by vaporization. Heat is carried off in the signifier of H2O vapor. Protection from cold air currents A 2010 survey by the National University of Singapore found that the surface temperature of life walls was significantly reduced compared to a concrete control wall, with decreases of 6 to 10 grades recorded. Analysis of the consequences concluded that shadowing and transpiration seemed to be the chief subscribers to this lessening. In another survey at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, decreases in both external and internal wall temperatures were found when a concrete wall was clad with vegetated facing. Urban Heat Islands An Urban Heat Island is the localized addition of temperature in urban Centres as opposed to environing rural countries due to a profuseness of heat retaining surfaces. It is thought that the decrease in surface temperatures due to populating frontages could assist cut down the temperatures in urban countries. A computing machine theoretical account based analysis at the University of Cardiff found a important decrease of the temperature in urban canons when the edifice envelopes are to the full ‘greened ‘ . A similar decision was reached in a survey by the University of Manchester, who found that an addition in green screen of 10 % in urban countries could take to a decrease in maximal temperatures. Biodiversity It is thought that populating frontages may lend to an addition in biodiversity in urban countries by supplying a home ground for insects and birds. Although specific proving on the biodiversity of life frontages has non yet been exhaustively undertaken, there are illustrations of wildlife such as birds utilizing populating walls as their place. Any study would hold to admit the possible disadvantages of increased biodiversity on a edifices frontage. Acoustic Control Vegetation is widely used to cut down the noise degrees from busy roads or railroad lines and it is thought that populating walls may be used to command the acoustics of edifices. A survey at the National University of Singapore found that life walls had a higher sound soaking up coefficient than many regular edifice stuffs and that the noise decrease was besides important. However, the survey pointed out that these consequences varied greatly depending on the frequences used, types of works, per centum screen of wall and type of substrate. Further proving on existent edifices is needed to set up the true acoustic virtues of life frontages. Aestheticss Bing in consequence a perpendicular garden, the aesthetic qualities of a life frontage are obvious and there are many illustrations where the primary aim is aesthetic consequence. Some of the ocular benefits include: Rejuveinating bland frontages Softening of the urban landscape and leting edifices to look more ‘natural ‘ Changing aesthetics with season Light: softening and diffusion of visible radiation can heighten infinites ( when used in concurrence with glazing ) . Social The effects of flora in urban countries on well-being are good documented and surveies have found that people view verdure as really of import in these countries. Economic Although full cost analysis is yet to be done for a edifice with a life frontage, it is possible that populating frontages could hold a good economic impact on edifices. The countries these benefits could be found are: cut downing warming and air-conditioning costs added commercial value to the edifice increased productiveness Negative Aspects Lack of surveies and research into populating frontages means that the true benefits and negatives are yet to be discerned. Of the few surveies available, most are either computing machine theoretical accounts or proving is carried out in controlled environments. To genuinely understand the effects of life frontages, proving demands to be carried out long term on edifices. However, since the construct of life frontages is reasonably new, there is presently really small informations available and most living frontages are still reasonably immature. Populating walls can necessitate a high degree of care depending on the system chosen, and at that place have been documented jobs with: Root putrefaction Plants deceasing Need for paring Future/Incorporation with Sustainability There are many other countries of sustainability that populating walls have the possible to be integrated with. These thoughts are still at the experimental phase, but could practicably work: Integration with air purification and airing eg Queens University Biowall Vertical agriculture/farming: veggies or fruit could be grown on life walls and so harvested, increasing the surface countries available for agribusiness. Water re-use: since life walls rely on automatically supplied H2O, there is the chance to utilize rain H2O or gray H2O as this supply. The systems can be attached to a H2O butt. Code for Sustainable Homes and BREEAM Planing governments can see developments of populating walls as positive and they may even number towards local be aftering marks. Due to populating facade engineering being rather new, at present there are no specific mentions in the sustainable codification or BREEAM. However, populating walls may be able to lend towards other countries of the codification, assisting to gain credits. Sustainability Code/BREEAM: Combined with a rainwater crop armored combat vehicle – Wat /W01 Native species planted – Eco 2 ( ecological sweetening ) /LE05 If important country of belongings covered – Eco 4 ( alteration of eco value ) Possible betterment of thermic public presentation – Ene1 ( Brooding Emission Rate ) /E1 How to cite Living Facades Can Be Grown Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Glut Of Poultry Saves Shoppers Chicken Feed- Free Sample

Question: 1. What information would be required to determine whether the poultry processing market, which produces "disassembled bird parts," is competitive? Briefly explain the significance of whether this market is competitive or not. 2. Now, assume this market is competitive. Based on this assumption, describe the short-run equilibrium for both the market and a typical processing firm. Using both graphical and algebraic approaches, interpret and explain the key features of the equilibrium. Answers: 1. In order to determine whether the poultry market is competitive, there should be changes in the variables like price. The price of the poultry products is also in the similar range, which means there is a very small difference in the prices. In order to attract the customers there is price war, which is exerted by the producers. In a competitive environment, the demand is high. In a poultry glut economy, demand would be low due to Asian H5N1 flu infection. The buyers are reluctant to buy chicken that is infected by the virus. The competitive market is the one, which includes rivalry among the sellers and are always willing to gain large market share and increase the rate of profit. The poultry market in this scenario can be termed as uncompetitive as the sellers are lessening the price due to chicken slump so that more customers are attracted. The processing firms in the competitive market would still wedge a price war so that more customers are attracted despite the market scenario. The firms would offer more discounts to the suppliers so that market share is increased (Gray, 2016). 2. When there is competitive market in the poultry market then there is no lack of information in the market. The processed market for chicken has seen to affect negatively the normal operations. This change has not affected the demand of chicken items of the fast food industry. In the production market, producers are the first to be affected by the price change. When there is no free flow of information in the poultry market, the consumers are susceptible to changes (Gray Kilman, 2016). Figure 1 In case of short run, competitive market there will be super normal profit earned by the firm. The profit maximizing condition is MR=MC. The profit is the shaded portion. References Gray, S. (2016).McDonald's Menu UpgradeBoosts Meal Prices and Results.WSJ. Retrieved 22 January 2016, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114022907202077745 Gray, S., Kilman, S. (2016).Glut of Poultry Saves Shoppers Chicken Feed.Glut of Poultry Saves Shoppers Chicken Feed. Retrieved 22 January 2016, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114842929129661266

Piagets Four Stages Of Cognitive Development Essays -

Piaget's Four Stages Of Cognitive Development Kristine Thornton Southern Technical College Dr. Andrea Goldstein Cognitive development : The process by which a child's understanding of the world changes due to their age and experience. Zone of proximal development : According to Vygotsky, the gap between what children already are able to accomplish on their own and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves. Puberty : The period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys. Menopause : The period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile. Developmental psychology : The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life. According to psychologist Jean Piaget, children progress through a series of four critical stages of cognitive development. Each stage is marked by shifts in how kids understand the world. Piaget believed that children are like "little scientists" and that they actively try to explore and make sense of the world around them. Through his observations of his children, Piaget developed a stage theory of intellectual development that included four distinct stages: The sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2 The preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7 The concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11 The formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood. Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland in 1896. He published his first scientific paper at the tender age of 10 - a 100-word description of an albino sparrow in a naturalist magazine. Between the ages of 15 and 19, he published numerous papers on mollusks and was even offered a job as a curator at a museum, although he had to decline the offer since he still had two years of high school to complete. While he developed an interest early on in how people come to know the world around them, he didn't receive any formal training in psychology until after he had completed his doctoral degree at the University of Neuchatel. After receiving his Ph.D. degree at age 22 in natural history, Piaget formally began a career that would have a profound impact on both psychology and education. After studying briefly with Carl Jung, he happened to meet Theodore Simon, one of Alfred Binet's collaborators . Simon offered Piaget a position supervising the standardization of the intelligence tests developed by Binet and Simon. Piaget developed an interest in the intellectual development of children. Based on his observations, he concluded that children were not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently. Albert Einstein called Piaget's discovery "so simple only a genius could have thought of it." Piaget's stage theory describes the cognitive development of children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive process and abilities. In Piaget's view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses to changes in mental operations. Piaget's interest in child cognitive development was influenced by watching his 13-month-old nephew, Gerard, at play. By chance, Piaget observed the toddler playing with a ball. When the ball rolled under a table where the boy could still see it, Gerard simply retrieved the ball and continued playing. When the ball rolled under a sofa out of his sight, however, the child began looking for it where he had last seen it. This reaction struck Piaget as irrational. Piaget came to believe that children lack what he referred to as the object concept - the knowledge that objects are separate and distinct from both the individual and the individual's perception of that object. Jean Piaget set out to study his daughter Jacqueline as she developed through infancy, toddlerhood, and childhood. He quickly noted that during the early months of his daughter's life, she seemed to believe that objects ceased to exist once they were out of her sight. At nearly a year, she started to search actively for objects that were hidden from her view although she made mistakes similar to the one Gerard made. By 21 months, Jacqueline had become skilled at finding hidden objects and understood that objects had an existence separate from her perception of them. Piaget's

Discussion Questions for In Cold Blood by Truman Capote

Discussion Questions for In Cold Blood by Truman Capote In Cold Blood by Truman Capote is a nonfiction  novel that tells the story of the murder of a Kansas family in 1959. Use these book club discussion questions on In Cold Blood to discuss Capotes literary masterpiece. Spoiler Warning: These questions reveal important details about In Cold Blood by Truman Capote. Finish the book before reading on. Book Club Discussion Questions How does Capote build suspense despite the fact that readers know the ultimate outcome from the beginning of In Cold Blood?​In what ways is In Cold Blood like a fiction novel? How does Capote report the facts and allow different voices to speak without using a journalistic style?In Cold Blood starts with details about the Clutter familys last day alive. Did any of the details particularly stick out to you? Did Capote make you feel attached to the family by sharing these details?Were there any other characters you empathized with because of small details Capote wrote about them? Bobby Rupp? Alvin Dewey?Why do you think Capote split the narrative into three sections? Why do you think he did not describe how the murders happened until Dick and Perry were caught and gave their confessions?Did you feel sympathy for Dick or Perry at any point?How did Capote humanize the killers? Were you surprised by how likable they could seem despite the brutality of their crime and unremorsefulne ss to the end? Capote seems to paint Perry in a more sympathetic light than Dick. He seems sensitive and even kind at points; however, by the end, you find out that Perry committed all four murders. Did that surprise you? Did you sympathize with Dick more than Perry at any point? Or did you not buy any of the kind characterizations?Do you think Dick and Perry were sane? Did the psychiatric analysis of them and descriptions of other cold-blooded killers surprise you? Scare you? Make you think differently about violent crime or the death penalty?Rate In Cold Blood by Truman Capote on a scale of one to five.

Executive leadership personal growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Executive leadership personal growth - Essay Example I had the task of surveying a group of people about their needs of soap and convincing them to buy the soap of my choice. The task required me to market the product which I had at that time. So I was given the opportunity to state the price which, I thought, would be fine, but at the same time I had to sell an exact number of soaps so that the task would be completed with the required goals. I learned the art of communication and applied it when I started marketing and selling my product. However, I soon realised that the way I was marketing the product was in sync with the needs and wants of the people. The most important lesson in marketing is to sell what people don’t know. The late great Steve Jobs was once asked the question whether his company undertakes market research in order to find out what the needs of the people are, and the great man responded in his characteristic fashion that people don’t know what they want and, therefore, it is the job of the companies and the entrepreneurs to give them something what they have never thought about but would still appreciate and fit it in their daily life and their needs. I learned about my weaknesses while I was enrolled in the program. Every man thinks that, when he takes a task to perform, he will do it in the best possible way. However, there are quite a few contingencies which go about in the performance of any task. One of my greatest weaknesses was not being a good listener. I did not listen to the demands of the customer in the right way and, therefore, lost in my goal of selling the required number of products assigned to me. The program I went through taught me how to be patient with my clients, as well as being attentive to the way I attempt to market my products to other people. It’s essential to have a strong face to face expression while dealing with the clients. â€Å"Each personality type has a different idea of what it means to be successful. Self-knowledge is one common g oal that will help everyone achieve personal success. So many people are hung up on somebody else's idea of what it means to be successful, and they are unaware of what is truly important to them. This is completely normal. We all have important role-models and influencers in our lives who may have basic values that are quite different from our own. If this is the case, it's important to recognize that the discrepancy between what we have been taught is truly important and what we personally believe to be truly important is due to a difference in perspective. If we spend our time and effort trying to meet somebody else's idea of success, and ignore or belittle any conflicting messages from our own psyche, then we will find ourselves exhausted and unhappy. Realizing what is truly important to us is a major step towards achieving personal success.† (Personal Growth) In accordance with the above text, it is important to analyse one’s weaknesses and strengths in order to at tain growth as a person. We all tend to get inhibited as personalities. However, there is a way to curb the inhibition, which is to fight it out in your own mind and to stay determined and calm in the process of removing all the inhibitions. While doing my marketing job I learned the art of selling products after facing many failures. The important thing to note here is that, as human beings, we do not give ourselves enough chances to try out something new and innovative. We are anxious

Marketing Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Management - Coursework Example Just like any other industry, banks also have various methods of developing relationships with their customers and personal clients. In banks, customer loyalty remains the cornerstone of the current market conditions. Losing a customer in the banking industry is an absolute mistake especially when fighting with competitors in the market. Some of the common methods in which banks use to develop their ongoing customer relationships include building communication with their personal customers, enhancing customer services, extensive research on their clients and identifying of their customer needs and wants (Kotler & Keller, 2011, p. 173). Additionally, banks also develop their customer relationships by providing full disclosure while interacting with their personal customers. In order to develop relationships with their personal clients, most banks maintain effective financial-driven communication with their clients. Multiple communication systems between the clients and the banks help in creating openness between the customer and the banks. Barclays bank is known for its effective communication with its clients and personal customers. Generally, the bank has established good communication and rapport with its customers hence guaranteeing eagerness of customers doing business with the company. Proper identification of customer needs and wants in banks is usually accomplished by maintaining customer interaction and communication. Additionally, using background research remains important in establishing customer needs and wants. Both approaches help banks in developing relationships with its customers (Kotler & Keller, 2011, p. 67-73). This aspect mostly means focusing on provision of complete answers to customer concerns and queries. The whole process involves honesty during communications and setting reasonable expectations for personal clients. The whole process helps in building

Japan-Korea Trade Relations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Japan-Korea Trade Relations - Term Paper Example The contraction of the trade relations between Korea and Japan initiated between the years 1929 and 1933 which was the period of the Great Depression. However this contraction in the trade was temporary. The trade expanded again after the year 1933. The expansion was fast and the exports to and imports from Japan were 80% of the total exports and imports. The trade relations between Japan and Korea were severed after the World War II. As compared to the exports before the World War II, Korea’s exports were negligible. The exports in the year 1953 were merely 1% of the total Grand National Product (GNP); however the imports were 10%. This difference in exports and imports affected the Korean economy in a negative way and it created a very sophisticated system of exchange rates (Hong, 1979). Due to the Korean War, trade with Japan stimulated; however the extent of imports was far larger than that of exports. The scenario changed again the trade between Korea and Japan came down to a very insignificant rate of GNP by the end of 1950s. In the 1960s, trade between Korea and Japan began to grow again and by the mid of the decade the trade relations between both these countries were established. Both the imports from and exports to Japan rose by a significant degree and they accounted for a high proportion of the total imports and exports of Korea. From the perspective of Japan, exports to Korea were 2.8% of the total exports in the year 1962 (Haggard 1990). In the early 1960s, the President of Korea had initiated designing economic reforms that encouraged trade relations with Japan. Such reforms included unification of the exchange rates and the controls on exchange were... Any impact on these economies would affect the rest of the economies in the region; therefore it is highly important that both the economies remain stable. In the recent past, it has been observed that without any cooperation, these economies would not be able to handle the economic crisis in the Asia. The Asian economic crisis caused both these countries to promote a closer economic relationship. This time, it was determined that mere private sector cooperation would not suffice, but the economies will have to cooperate at governmental level. Thus, it can be inferred that the trade relations between Japan and Korea are just as important for the region as they are important for these two economies. According to Yamazawa, a framework is being designed that would help Japan and Korea to implement upon their plan for a closer economic relationship. The framework would also include a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) which would facilitate the trade among these two countries even more. The trade relations between Korea and Japan have not been quite smooth since their very inception. There have been certain factors that keep the trade between these countries from developing. According to historical facts, Japan and Korea have made a number of attempts to improve the trade. However, the imbalance in the trade between these countries kept increasing over the years till the trade deficit reached a very high point. The trades relations have been unfavorable since then, however both the countries have been trying to get improve the trade relations once again and discussions between the officials of both the countries are underway.

A Business Plan of Medical Services Marketing Essay

A Business Plan of Medical Services Marketing Essay The medical tourism industry is in a rapid state of growth, both in Singapore and globally. Growth in consumer demand for health services delivered by foreign medical professionals continues to grow for a variety of reasons, including insufficient regional health care systems and the growing expense of performing domestic procedures in their countries of origin. Sometimes, booking a medical tourism package is simply an excuse to visit a foreign land whilst also to consolidate their travel interests and save costs. This growth in medical tourism provides enormous opportunities for launching Singapore MedTours and ensuring it can grow and be sustained. Medical Services Tourism is not without many business risks, including high levels of competition from intermediary companies designed to help consumers plan itineraries for medical services. There are also risks to the client that must be considered, including ensuring that they fully understand their own health risks so as to secure liability factors for the business itself. In terms of strategic objectives, a comprehensive risk management system must be developed. However, outside of these risks, profit potential is quite considerable due to the large customer demand that exists in many different foreign countries. Singapore was chosen as the country to launch the new Medical Services Tourism Company because of its award-winning infrastructure, the ability to raise new capital through a variety of means and even for the education system that can provide quality employment for the business by skilled professionals. Singapore is ideal for Medical Services Tourism and this business plan provides a comprehensive plan for the launch of the company. 2.0 Business description Medical tourism involves availing medical procedure in a foreign country. Westerners form a large segment of medical tourists who are attracted to quality healthcare and large savings as compared to the medical costs in their own countries. The patients then can take a vacation in the host country after receiving their medical treatments. Often patients can cover their surgery expense, flight and hotel accommodation charges for quarter of the operation cost they would have paid in their country (Puah, 2008). The Company would be named Singapore MedTours and it will be a Private Limited Company (See Appendix 1). The firm will act as an agent that facilitates tourism of international citizens looking for quality and affordable health care that they might not be able to achieve in their home country. It will be a start-up company with an onsite facility for receipt of travellers and to satisfy their inquiries on medical tourism. The agency will make profit by charging commission on these transfers and any additional profitability received from supplementary, non-medical tourism that might be booked through the agents or its online website. Mission Our mission  is to provide Safe, Affordable and Quality health care options to our customers through world class health care system of Singapore. Source: Author 2.2 Industry background The medical tourism market has nearly doubled in recent years, and is currently valued at over $20 billion every year (Gaddum, 2010). This makes medical tourism ideal as a profit-generating business with huge growth potential. Medical tourism fills a valuable niche that is desperately needed in countries with bureaucratically flawed or unaffordable healthcare (discovermedicaltourism.com, 2008, p.2). One of the reasons that make foreign travel so appealing to a variety of international tourists is in areas of cost. For example, in the United States, it might cost approximately $30,000 for a knee replacement surgery, where in Singapore these costs will be much less at only $18,000 (placidway.com, 2010). It is largely this cost difference, for the same medical expertise, that is making medical tourism such a booming business not just in Singapore. Some of the major countries that are offering Medical Tourism in the world are: Countries Medical Inbound Tourists 2002 2004 2005 2006 Thailand 390,000 520,000 Malaysia 210,000 320,000 374,000 410,000 Singapore 117,000 179,000 India 100,000 150,000 Source: http://www.ihf-fih.org/pdf/25-28.pdf Singapore is among the most attractive destinations for health care travelling. The country has been awarded as the Best Medical/Wellness Tourism Destinationin 2007 and will be the Leading Destination for Health Care Service in Southeast Asia (MedTourismReview, n.d). 2.3 Goals and Potential of the Business According to Singapores minister of trade and industry; Singapore is a good place to raise funds, both equity and loans, including venture capital. (Satapathy, 2003, p.1745). Singapore was chosen as the start up location because of the ease of access for funds related to the launch as well as securing future loans or capital for improvement and expansion of the business. Because of the quality availability to investment funds and other loan-generating entities in Singapore, the business has several goals for short term gain: Source: Author A long term goal of Singapore MedTours is to create an internationally-recognised name in medical tourism that outperforms competition. There is massive potential for creating a strong marketing presence internationally based not only on growing consumer demand, but because of the systems already in place in Singapore to assist in developing a sound advertising programme with higher global exposure. 2.4 Uniqueness of service Singapore MedTours will have several unique features designed to make it outperform competitive entities in this industry. Singapore MedTours would offer a low-risk guarantee to enable the customers in moving forward with their medical tour with strong faith. In any case if after arriving at the destination, the conditions of treatment seem unacceptable to the client, we will give the liberty to cancel the surgery. The only charge the client will be responsible of is the air fare and accommodation. To our knowledge, were the only medical tourism company  that  offers this type of protection in Singapore. Also MedTours would be unique in supplementary services related to medical tourism that will improve profitability and improve the word of mouth reputation for the business. Offers the founder of Scotland-based Company Globe Health Tours; This is a huge word of mouth business (Crawford, 2006, p.1). Therefore, Singapore MedTours will be equipped with high quality service dimensions that please the travelling tourist and also improve customer relationships using advanced CRM systems (Customer Relationship Management software). 3.0 Marketing Marketing will be crucial to the success of this new business launch because of the importance of word of mouth to the company. With high levels of competition in this industry, an improved and superior marketing presence must be available and the funds needed to make this a reality will be allocated to this effort. 3.1 Target market identified There is no one, singular market available to this business because of the ability to capture the attention of many different consumers hailing from many international locations. No two patients are the same, either in their needs or the type of journey they either want or require (newsweekshowcase.com, 2010, p.1). This means that it would be quite difficult for the business to isolate a single target market strategy that would fit the needs of the majority of travellers who look toward our services. However, despite these unique consumer needs, medical tourism industry is dominated by patients from United States. In 2008 alone estimates put that more than 1.3 Americans travelled abroad for the exclusive purpose of seeking medical care (Health-Tourism.com, 2008). The marketing strategy should take into consideration the high volume of customers that will come from this region and use communications strategies that fit the needs of this high profit-generating customer client. Other international customers will be measured using software and database tools to determine which international location brings the highest volume of customers, and ongoing, future research methods will be used to determine their needs as they arise. Market Survey Research Objectives To analyze the growth potential for the business. To analyze the consumer needs according to their relative priority. To analyze the level of favourable consumer expenditure. Customer Profiling and Characteristics Customer profiling is important as it aids in identifying and catering to customers in every possible way (Anderson, 1997, pg 71). Based on the market survey conducted, most of the respondents show favourable response for medical tourism. A majority of respondents with negative response towards medical tourism shifted to need more information aspect when medical tourism benefits were mentioned. However the two main factors motivating respondents to be favourable to medical tourism are cost savings and high quality healthcare from internationally accredited hospitals. The most preferred service attribute is high standards of service with considerable savings indicating that not all consumers bargain hunters. It also indicates that respondents are not willing to compromise on quality for cost reduction. Determining the critical factors for success majority of respondents preferred English speaking population and highly accredited hospitals. The most influential means of promotion is word of mouth followed by hospital referrals and company website. In addition, with the various competitors positioning and competitive comparisons, most consumers decisions are influenced by Brand equity and awareness play an important role. Target market Based on the Market Survey conducted, Singapore MedTours will focus on target markets which are of high growth potential. The market is divided into the following segments which in turn will provide the company with clear focus to direct its marketing strategies Geographic segmentation: North American Citizens. Demographic segmentation: Age: 45-65 Income: U.S $24000- $70000 Psychographic segmentation: Customers keen on quality of service and interested in good savings while not in favour to comprise on safety. US Medical Tourism Market According to the Market indicators United States medical tourism has got good prospects in coming decade and beyond. In the United States, medical surgeries are very expensive, and every year millions of Americans default to pay for the health care expenses they require they are either uninsured, uninsurable or underinsured. According to a study in 2007 50% of personal bankruptcies are related to medical crises (Star Health Vacations, 2010). 3.2 Market size and trends In 2006, Singapore drew 410,000 international customers that received medical services primarily in form of Liver Transplants, Cardiac Surgery, and Joint Replacement (Hadi, 2009). And this number of inbound patients will exceed 1 million by 2012, with forecasted value of 3 Billion USD (The Internet Journal of healthcare Administration, 2010). Scotland-based Globe Health Tours experienced a 600 percent increase in business only after six months of operations (Crawford, 2006). In all, Singapore Medical Tourism is aiming to become a leading health care destination in all Asia and it witnessed a steady growth of 11.9% per year from 2004 to 2008 (prlog.org, 2009). 3.3 Competition Intensive competition exists in medical tourism, both internationally and in Singapore itself. Therefore, the company must create strong marketing presence and advertising know-how to make the business outperform competition step by step or service by service. Within the country, there are currently 29 hospitals that already provide health services to foreign travellers, with services being performed by over 7,000 physicians and 15,000 registered nurses (health-tourism.com, 2010). Because these hospitals already have contracts and/or relationships with other health tourism agents, there is a great deal of marketing work that needs to be performed by the business to make it stand out and be the preferred agency for these profitable customer groups. This well-developed network of physicians and agencies can be quite risky to the business model and require competitive focus to ensure improved customer preferences for the company. U.S agencies operating in Singapore: There are several U.S based medical tourism agencies, like Health Base Medical Tourism Agency, Planet Hospital, which are providing health tourism services in Singapore to patients of America. The companies are similar to each other only differing in the fact that they are tied up with different hospitals in different locations. U.S Agencies operating in other medical tourism countries: These agencies are tied up with budding medical tourism countries such as India, Thailand, etc. Key players include World Med Assist, Indus health, Quest Tourism, Med Journeys, Med Retreat SWOT Analysis of Singapore MedTours Strength Well trained staff with heavy focus on building customer relationship before and after their stay in Singapore. Creating an easy to use Website and employing advance Customer Relationship Software to attract and retain clients interested in Medical Tourism. Singapore is ranked 6th in world for the quality of health care provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Medical tourists should not be able to witness chaotic events during their stay in comparison to the other Asian countries as Singapore is urbanized and clean country. JCI-certified hospitals and healthcare facilities are found in abundance throughout Singapore. English is one of Singapores official dialects. Though the cost of healthcare in Singapore is not as low as India or Thailand but they are still lower in comparison to Western Europe and the USA. Weakness The cost expenses in medical processes and treatments in Singapore are relatively high when compared to other Asian medical tourism countries like Thailand, Malaysia and India. The geographical location of Singapore is such that the climate is rather hot and humid which maybe a hindrance to the westerners especially during the post procedure and recovery stages. Accommodation, transportation and the cost of goods in Singapore is more expensive as compared to other Asian countries The travel times to Singapore are considerably very lengthy for the US medical patients. Opportunities World-class tourism service industry present in Singapore can help in recruiting best talent for the Medical Tourism. High market Growth Healthcare services from countries with aging population increasingly seek medical tourism. U.S. workforce is seen to be increasing more in context to globalization Low-cost global air travel had made Singapore all the more accessible for inbound patients. Employers and health plans targeting commercial populations have become accepting of the various benefit of medical tourism. Threats There is seen to be fierce competition posed by other Asian medical tourism countries like Malaysia, India and Thailand. Popularity of Medical Tourism may encourage more competition to open business in Singapore. New technological breakthroughs can make previously very expensive healthcare affordable in the clients home country. Global endemic outbreaks like H1N1, SARS, and Bird-flu etc in western countries can inhibit travel of foreign travellers to Singapore as government may impose restrictions. Source: Author 3.4 Estimated Market Share In order to estimate the market share few of the assumptions has been taken into account: That the rate of people seeking foreign medical services continues to grow at the same pace, with 1 million people entering Singapore in 2012 for this purpose. Very High volume of competition present in the country. Based on the above two considerations the firm is taking the minimum target of just 0.1% Market share, i.e., 1000 customers for the 1st year which it plans to grow to 1,500 in 2nd year and by 2013 the target is to reach 2,000 customers. The firm believes that this extremely low market share can be easily achievable by utilizing good marketing and promotion strategy and following best practices in the business. 3.5 Market strategy Positioning MedTours intends to work on a clear positioning statement of Quality, You can be Assured off which encourages customers to have complete faith in the company. The company will position itself as a reliable and friendly agency with utmost importance given to customer safety. The point of difference which separates the company from its competitors is the Quality Guarantee what the company provides and the idea of personalization of medical tours. This will help the company stay competitive while being positioned as a differentiated medical tourism agency. To be able to live up to the positioning the company will tie up with best in class hospitals and service providers with highest priority given to details of service dimensions. The company will purchase advanced CRM systems to improve overall delivery of customer services. The business will use, as one, marketing strategy, advanced training for its employees related to customer service to make the short encounter with the company one that is remembered and would help in creating good word-of-mouth publicity. Product Singapore MedTours will offer best of the medical services present in the Singapore by getting tie-ups with world-class hospitals of Singapore. Specific focus will be made on JCI-Accredited (Joint Commission International) hospitals like Alexandra Hospital, Changi General Hospital, Raffles Hospital, Parkway Group etc; so that inbound patients from US and other countries are assured that they are getting best quality service in a very safe environment. Services Offered By Singapore MedTours The following are the exact nature of services being offered by Singapore MedTours. Personal  preferences of patients would be given priority to select best hospitals and doctors. Source: Author Place Singapore MedTours will have a dedicated well-furnished office from where its entire staff can operate. Also in this office the customers would be received first and will be given initial briefing about the Medical Services they would be going through as well as general information about Singapore, its culture, famous tourist attraction etc. The main purpose of the office would be to make sure customers have one single easily identifiable and approachable location from where they could satisfy all their queries and solve their problems during their stay in Singapore. Promotion Approximately 78 percent of all medical travellers use the World Wide Web as their first choice for booking medical tourism (medicaltourism.com, 2010). Because of this high volume, market strategy will include a strong Internet presence that will require the expertise of information technology specialists to give the business a colourful, interactive and engaging online booking experience. The majority of the business will likely come from Internet exploration, therefore the budget must be allocated to a web design that outperforms competition and has the necessary information to make Singapore MedTours their first choice in booking their travel needs. The first publication of choice to improve visibility and awareness in customer groups will be the Medical Tourism Magazine, a bi-monthly publication that is distributed in a variety of international countries. Costs for these ads are $4000 for a full page ad and $2000 for a half page ad (medicaltourismassociation.com, 2010). This is a respected and well established advertising publication that will give Singapore MedTours better marketing presence. The company will purchase half page ads several times yearly to update its literature based on consumer research and success with other marketing formats. Additionally, web-based advertising will be part of the ad strategy that includes links to visit our business website on partnership or contract agreements with different hospitals, travel agencies, and physician websites. The goal of this rather inexpensive advertising method is to simply give the company more ad presence and ensure budget needs are met. Since most customers will not visit the business location prior to making their travel needs, web presence is vital to building higher profit and consumer demand. 3.6 Pricing Cost of Medical Treatment in Singapore If the procedure would cost $6000 in the U.S. financial savings might not be realized by the patients even if the same surgery costs $1500 in other country. By the time the airfare, accommodation and stay charges are covered patients may only realize a break-even scenario (Med Retreat, 2010). Hence with careful consideration the following procedures would be offered by Singapore MedTours. Comparison of cost between Medical procedures in USA and Singapore Source: http://www.health-tourism.com/singapore-medical-tourism/ Although the industry standard is 15% (See Appendix X) for each referral to the hospital by an agency but the firm would initially keep the commission fee at minimum 12% in order to gain competitive edge while start-up. This also aligns with our market survey where cost saving has been attributed as most important consideration for the customers. People Since this is highly service-oriented industry and the mission of Singapore MedTours is to have best customer experience as possible, so Singapore MedTours will make sure that it will hire competitive employees. Furthermore sufficient training would be given so as and when needed in order to cope up with market demands and competition. Lastly special packages and policies will be design to reward and retain the best employees of the firm. Process Process is extremely important part of any Service-oriented industry. Hence Singapore MedTours will make sure that its process is as efficient and as customer-friendly possible. Quality Control would be done regularly to identify and improve any bottlenecks and promote the best practices. Reviewing and Approving Online Membership Forms: Once an application is filled, detailed information based on the customer requirement will be provided allowing customers to make an informed decision. Assignment of an U.S Consultant to the patient: The consultant would cater to patients medical needs by designing a health tour plan. Informing the Medical Doctor: By sending digital copies of clients medical transcripts to the affiliated doctors for their approval to receive patient. Arranging for a Facilitating interaction between the Client and Surgeon: The process will be coordinated via email, teleconference etc. in this stage. Collection of Expectations Form and Desired `Travel Dates: To plan for exact tour plan. Checking Hotel Reservation at desired dates: The information will be obtained in this stage in order to be able to provide price quotations to the clients. Submitting the final price quotation for the health tour to the client: This is to avoid any further confusion and also to provide relevant information to the client. Deposit of necessary funds for health tour by client into Singapore MedTours bank account. These next few processes occur simultaneously: Finalize Clients medical consultation and surgery dates with the preferred doctor and hospital. Assisting clients in acquisition Passport/Visa Book clients Air Travel Itinerary which best suits their preferences. Reservation of accommodation for client Sending the booked travel and hospital information back to client: Now the client will make the trip from his or her own country to host country (Singapore). Assigning Destination Program Manager (DPM) to the client: Upon arrival of client in Singapore a DPM will be assigned permanently to client and the person will be their Personal assistant throughout the visit. This person will accompany the client to all their doctors appointments and medical treatments. Arranging for Pre-Surgery consultation with the surgeon: This process would be completed within 24 hours of clients arrival. The surgeon would review medical transcripts and tests to ensure that procedure can be performed on the specified dates. Assistance to client during surgical procedure and post surgery recuperation: After the client would be discharged from the hospital they would be accommodated in resort or hotel to begin recuperation process. Arranging for Post treatment vacation: After obtaining an authorization letter from surgeon, an enjoying vacation would be arranged for in Singapore. Assisting for Safe Return home of the clients: At the end of the tour the client will be send back to home country and the assigned US consultant would assist in any post-medical needs. 4.0 Operations Operational aspects of how the business is managed and structured will be key to its success. 4.1 Identify location The main requirements of indentifying the location for our business are: Low cost per square feet, large pedestrian volume and easy access to transportation (Abrams Kleiner 2003, pp67-68). Thus, after searching on the internet and checking the reality of the information with the agent, following address can be an alternative to the location of our business. Source:http://www.singaporeexpats.com/housing-in-singapore/singapore-property/code4349017-commercial-industrial-buy-FRONTIER.htm This location, compared with other places, satisfies the above requirements. The charge for buying this office is expected at around 570,000 SGD, and by using the yellow line MRT routine, the dense population of UBI become bigger and bigger. Also two MRT stations (Tai Seng and Macpherson) are very near to the location (gothere.com). The business prefers to buy the office instead of renting because in 3-4 years time the amount of rent paid would be equal to the total value of the office and since Singapore MedTours is looking for long term viability of the business hence it is buying the office. Source: http://www.gothere.sg/maps#q:52%20ubi%20avenue%203 4.3 Zoning Various Districts of Singapore: Source: http://www.propertyhub.com.sg/images/M_images/singapore_district_map.jpg The Zoning of the office was carefully selected while keeping the following considerations: The office should have as low as possible per square feet cost. It should be present in or near the heart of the city. Also the office should be near the Changi International Airport. The current identified location of the office is in district 14 which is quite near the Central Districts 6 12 of the Singapore. Simultaneously the location is near the District 17 in which the Changi Airport is located. It is very important for the office to be near airport as majority of its firms clients would be international medical tourists who would be arriving via air-travel. 4.4 Taxes The low tax rates and positive and encouraging business policies give Singapore a reputation of attracting FDI. The taxes in Singapore are much lower than most others developed countries and regions (Asia Biz). Whats more, the tax rates have continued to decline significantly over the years (Appendix 2). Therefore, from the tax perspective, Singapore is an attractive nation to do the business. Overall, to our service business, the following kinds of taxes are needed to be considered before starting the business: Income Tax: The amount of Income Tax is based on the income of our companies, and according to Appendix 1, the income tax rate is 17% and as a new start business, some partial tax exemption will be applicable to us. Goods Services Tax GST, also known as VAT, is a broad-based consumption tax levied on the  import of goods, as well as nearly all supplies of goods and services in Singapore. And the rate of GST is 7% (IRAS 2008). Only the sales and leases of properties and financial services need not to pay GST. Therefore, our company needs to pay 7% GST. Stamp Duties Stamp duty is a tax on executed documents relating to properties or interest in properties and shares or interest in shares. Documents such as a lease, sale and purchase, or mortgage of property need to pay stamp duties (Appendix 3). Thus, our company needs to pay this kind of tax. 4.5 Proximity to supplies There will be little concern over supply chain issues because of the quality distribution system that exists in Singapore. But also, the business will only need access to marketing literature and internal office/software support systems that can be easily procured with its renowned infrastructure for these tools. If the need arises for additional supplies, there are 3,000 logistics and supply chain companies operating in Singapore to assist with these needs at no risk to the business (worldcustomsjournal.org, 2007). All supplies needs can be easily satisfied. 4.6 Access of transportation Singapore has a well developed transportation network consisting of Metro Rail Transport (MRT) systems, Bus systems and Taxi Services that are all air conditioned. As it can be found in the location map, the location of our company near to two MRT stations, which provides convenience to our customers to reach our company. The mass rapid transit system in place is comprehensive and connects to almost all parts of the country (Lim, 2008). It is also considered among the best in the world (app.www.sg, 2009). Also with one of the world best airports, Changi International, the access of transportation to other nations is unobstructed (Changi). Transport is no risk to the business and can sustain all traveller needs. 5.0 Management 5.1 Management Team and Key Personnel Singapore MedTours being a private business therefore Management team would initially be comprises of the primary investors of the organization. The following will be the structure of the Management Team: Source: Author Deep Kamal Agarwal (CEO / Financial Director): Deep Kamal Agarwal is successful Information Engineer from an Internationally Accredited College in India. His both parents are respected doctor with over 25 years of experience and hence he has natural affinity and knowledge about the Medical Service Industry. He posses 2 years industry experience as an operational manager in Sunrise Naturopathy Health Resort in India. His forte lies in encountering any business problem and working out prompt solution for it. He believes in holistic business approach and is critical person for the firm to provide vision

Concerns that Caused the Settlement of British North America :: American America History

Concerns that Caused the Settlement of British North America I believe that throughout the Colonial period, economic concerns had more to do with the settling of British North America than did religious reasons. First, according to my textbook, the British originally sponsored trips over to the New World only after other countries were profiting from their collections of goods and new trade ports. Maybe other countries in Europe had begun settling the New World for religious concerns, but definitely not Britain. The British government was more concerned with staying up with other countries in Europe in the economic race rather than trying to find religious havens for people who weren't with the majority when it came to religion, such as all the non-Anglicans. Second, proprietary organizations were into only the monetary value of North America. Organizations, such as the Virginia Company, were formed for the sole purpose of creating joint venture expeditions in hope of finding gold and silver. Yes, they may have been sympathetic towards those w ho had religious concerns, but may have only sponsored them for their own possible profit. Third, out of all the immigration to North America, the most came from slaves and indentured servants. This shows that more people came over to support the economy, rather than for religious tolerance. Slaves were then forced to accept new religions, which is opposite a reason to come over for religious concern in their original territory. They were accepted in their native land, but came over to a new one and were forced into a new religion. In conclusion, the settling of